Enlarge / The Snapdragon 888, sitting on the world’s biggest ARM motherboard.Qualcomm
This week Qualcomm announced its flagship smartphone SoC for 2021, the “Snapdragon 888.” The TL;DR is that Qualcomm’s 2021 chip is a 5nm SoC with an ARM Cortex-X1 core and Qualcomm’s first flagship SoC with an on-board 5G modem, dumping the mandatory two-chip 5G solution that Qualcomm forced on the industry earlier this year with the Snapdragon 865. Compared to the Snapdragon 865, Qualcomm is promising performance improvements of 25 percent from the CPU, 35 percent from the GPU, and 35 percent from the ISP.
We should probably talk about the name first. Qualcomm’s normal naming scheme (and the rumor mill) would have made this chip the “Snapdragon 875” after the 865, 855, and 845 from previous years. The switch to Snapdragon 888 is apparently a nod to Chinese culture, which views 8 as a lucky number. Flight numbers out of Chinese airports often have a lot of eights in them, the Beijing Olympics began on 8/8/08 at eight seconds past 8:08pm local time, and now flagship Android phones will somehow be more appealing—I guess—to Chinese consumers, which also happen to make up the biggest smartphone market in the world. Marketing!
As usual, the CPU is sporting a very lucky eight cores with a single “Prime” core for higher performance duties, three medium cores to help out with foreground tasks, and four low-power cores for background processing. This year the prime core is getting upgraded to ARM’s big, new Cortex-X1 core at 2.84GHz, while the medium cores are getting upgraded to the Cortex A78. The ancient A55 core is still working smaller-core duties.
ARM’s Cortex A78 core is the successor to the Cortex A76 that was used in the previous-gen Snapdragon 865, and ARM claims the design—including the drop from 7nm to 5nm—results in 20-percent better “sustained performance” in the same thermal envelope as a 7nm Cortex A76. The A78 was designed with ARM’s typical focus on “performance, power, and area (PPA),” meaning it strikes a balance between physical size, power usage, and CPU performance. The new big core this year is the Cortex-X1, which was designed alongside the A78 as a whole new size category for ARM. The X1 is a super-sized A78 that asks, “What if we don’t worry about power usage and size?” and just go all-out for performance, and the result is a core that ARM says adds “30 percent peak performance” over the A76. The idea is that the A78 is here for sustained performance, while the X1 is here to increase the cap on bursty CPU performance, which is useful for loading apps and webpages.
Qualcomm never goes into much detail about its GPUs, but it does support Variable Rate Shading (VRS) this year, which lets game developers finely control how much detail each part of the display is being rendered in from frame to frame. If a scene is dark, or an object is moving very quickly, it probably doesn’t need to be rendered at full resolution, allowing clever developers to squeeze more power out of a GPU by turning down only the parts you won’t notice. VRS debuted on PCs with Nvidia’s Turing GPUs in 2018, and it’s supported in Vulkan and Unreal Engine (and DirectX), so there’s a shot some mobile games will actually use it.
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The 888 block diagram. My two big takeaways here are 1) the modem is onboard again, and 2) Qualcomm’s marketing department forgot to brand the memory block.
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The CPU core layout.
Qualcomm
Qualcomm’s CPU slide.
Qualcomm
The GPU slide.
Qualcomm
The block diagram shows Qualcomm’s “FastConnect 6900 System” is integrated on the 888 SoC, which is Qualcomm-speak for the Wi-Fi and Bluetooth connectivity. This means phones will be able to support Bluetooth 5.2 and the new Wi-Fi 6E, if the manufacturers put in the extra work and components to take advantage of it. Wi-Fi 6E will eventually be a big deal for people in dense living areas, since it takes all the advantages of Wi-Fi 6 and adds a big chunk of 6GHz spectrum to the standard. Every country’s spectrum regulations are different, but in the US, Wi-Fi 6E will have access to three times the total spectrum of current Wi-Fi systems, or six times the useful spectrum if you skip counting the DFS allocated spectrum in the middle of the 5GHz Wi-Fi bands, which most access points ignore by default. This means Wi-Fi 6E clients will work a lot better in crowded areas like apartment buildings, where the huge number of close-together access points and clients can fill the airwaves and slow the network to a crawl. Early adopters will get the new spectrum all to themselves in the early days, and as time goes on, even the Wi-Fi laggards will see less competition for the airwaves as everyone else switches over.
Wi-Fi 6E compatibility was first possible for Qualcomm on the Snapdragon 865 Plus, but (while there have been a few false alarms) we’ve yet to see “The World’s First Wi-Fi 6E Phone” hit the market. Unless someone beats Samsung to the punch, it looks like the Galaxy S21 Ultra (not any of the cheaper variants) will be the first to come with Wi-Fi 6E in early 2021. We’ve also yet to see a 6E access point, which you’ll also need to take advantage of the new spectrum. We’ve got to start somewhere, though, and that “somewhere” will be flagship Android phones.
Fixing 5G, and other questionably useful additions
One big improvement of the Snapdragon 888 is undoing the damage of the Snapdragon 865, which split Qualcomm’s SoC into two chips: a main SoC and a separate modem. In order to rush 5G more into the mainstream market, Qualcomm split the modem off into a separate chip, and it brought 4G along for the ride, too. A two-chip solution is generally bigger, hotter, more power-hungry, and more expensive than a one-chip solution. Sure enough, 2020 saw phone prices skyrocket, with bigger bodies and bigger batteries to handle the higher power draw and heat of Qualcomm’s multi-chip 5G solution. While it’s expected that an early-generation 5G modem would come with size and power tradeoffs, Qualcomm moved 4G to the separate modem, too, bringing the power-usage downsides to 4G and making it so you couldn’t just turn off 5G in areas without 5G coverage, which is most areas.
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The Snapdragon 888 is a return to sanity, with onboard 4G and 5G connectivity. We’re still not quite ready to say “5G is ready for prime-time” given the sorry state of 5G networks, but it sounds like the hardware is getting there, at least. The Snapdragon 888 is equipped with the Qualcomm X60 modem, which was announced all the way back in February (for some reason Qualcomm modems get announced a year ahead of time). The X60 isn’t a speed increase over 2020’s X55 modem (7.5Gbps down, good luck actually getting that), but it supports all sorts of future-facing network capabilities. There’s Dynamic Spectrum Sharing, which lets carriers run a 5G network over the 4G spectrum. 5G Voice-over-NR (VoNR), aka phone calls over 5G, will be great when we eventually kill 4G LTE. The X60 can also connect to sub-6GHz 5G and mmWave 5G simultaneously, and there’s even support for multiple 5G SIMs.
Other than that, there are a lot of other questionably useful odds and ends packed into Qualcomm’s latest SoC:
Qualcomm says the Hexagon 780 co-processor is “completely redesigned” and offers a “three-fold improvement” in performance-per-watt compared to the Snapdragon 865. You’d need an app to use the appropriate AI framework to take advantage of this extra silicon, and most apps don’t, but Qualcomm calls out camera apps, voice assistants, and games as possible targets. Qualcomm also says it will make Snapchat faster.
The new ISP supports capturing from three cameras simultaneously. I sort of understood the idea when Qualcomm added two camera streams, so you could record from the front and back camera at the same time, (Nokia obnoxiously called this a “bothie” instead of a selfie) but three? Qualcomm says this would make switching camera lenses faster, but that already happens in a fraction of a second on the Snapdragon 865. I guess the Nokia 9 needed an extra chip to capture data from five rear cameras simultaneously, though that technique didn’t lead to a great end result. Google’s Project Tango needed three cameras for 3D sensing (though today you can do AR with a single camera). Maybe someone will cook up some crazy AI-powered use-case for this.
There’s now a Type-1 hypervisor built into the Snapdragon 888, which Qualcomm pitches as “a new way to secure and isolate data between apps and multiple operating systems on the same device.” That sounds very interesting, but I’m not sure what new features it’s supposed to bring to consumer devices. This is “the Android chip” (ARM laptops would use the Snapdragon 8cx line), and isolated apps and data are already more conveniently available in Android via the Work profile, rather than split across operating systems. You can also already boot multiple installs of Android—provided one is a guest OS—for testing. In the past, Google has explicitly shut down attempts at dual-booting Android with other OSes, so don’t let your imagination run too wild. Maybe modders would like it.
Your first shot at owning a Snapdragon 888 will probably be the Samsung Galaxy S21, which is due out in Q1 2021.
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